Light sources, lenses, CCD cameras, and image acquisition cards serve as the imaging components of the vision system. The quality of imaging directly affects the accuracy of color difference detection results. A necessary condition for color difference detection is to extract the color characteristics of the mobile phone buttons and apply color difference formulas for calculation. Color theory is the basis for studying color differences. This project has studied several color difference formulas widely used in the industry and compared the advantages and disadvantages of various color spaces. Based on this, algorithms based on different color difference formulas were designed, and color difference detection based on different color spaces was completed, yielding results. Among several algorithms, two with better performance were selected for in-depth discussion. By detecting the color difference of mobile phone buttons made of various materials and colors, the most practical algorithm was determined, which is to preprocess the image of the mobile phone button in the RGB color space, then extract the color feature values, and finally convert to the CIELAB color space to calculate the color difference using the CMC (2:1) color difference formula. Extensive experiments have proven that this method can effectively detect the color difference of mobile phone buttons.